Crinipellis is a genus of fungus in the family marasmiaceae. A new pathotype of crinipellis perniciosa witches broom disease on solanaceous hosts. Pdf moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of. Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature top of page witches broom is caused by a basidiomycete, which was originally named marasmius perniciosus stahel, 1915. Using dual rnaseq analysis, the authors simultaneously monitored the transcriptomes of both the host and. Genetic variability and chromosomelength polymorphisms of. Pleomorphism in crinipellis perniciosa, causal agent of witches. Characterization of a protease produced by a trichoderma. Witches broom disease wbd1, caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus moniliophthora perniciosa, is one of the most devastating diseases of theobroma cacao, the chocolate tree.
Read random amplified polymorphic dna rapd analysis of crinipellis perniciosa isolates from different hosts, plant pathology on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Disease management in cocoa comparative epidemiology of. Sca6 and sca12 are highly resistant and are the most commonly used parents in the breeding schemes. Effects of the fungus crinipellis perniciosa, causal agent of witches. Boto, a class ii transposable element, was characterized in the moniliophthora perniciosa genome. The genus has a widespread distribution and contains about 65 species. Heritable resistance to witches broom has been used in cacao improvement programs. Read pathogenic variability amongst isolates of crinipellis perniciosa from cocoa theobroma cacao, plant pathology on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches broom disease of cacao. Biochemical changes during the development of witches.
In rare instances, a publisher has elected to have a zero moving wall, so. Two of the most damaging diseases, witches broom disease wbd and frosty pod rot disease fprd, are caused by a pair of related fungi. Chitin as a measure of biomass of crinipellis perniciosa, causal. Thispathogen is now on an invasive front in latin america evans 2002. In contrast to other hemibiotrophic interactions, the wbd1 biotrophic stage lasts for months and is responsible for the most distinctive symptoms of the disease, which. In considering the past and present socioeconomic importance of the pathogen in south america, it was felt that a semipopular or nonspecialist.
Chitin as a measure of biomass of crinipellis perniciosa, causal agent of witches broom disease of theobroma cacao volume 104 issue 6 d. Download acrobat pdf file 618kb recommended articles citing articles 0. Basidiocarp production was induced by hanging the cultures in a cabinet where they were subjected to a daily cycle of wetting and. Broken hyphae of the basidiomycete crinipellis perniciosa. After the release of the primary sequences of dna and rna polymerases from m. Sensitivity of crinipellis perniciosa to procyanidins from theobroma cacao l. These dual cultures could be maintained for periods of several months. A novel method for fruiting the cocoa pathogen crinipellis perniciosa using a branvermiculite medium. Diversity of endophytic fungal community of cacao theobroma cacao l.
Trichoderma harzianum produces nonanoic acid, an inhibitor. Crinipellis perniciosa, were transformed to hygromycin b resistance using the pan71 plasmid, which contains the. Since crinipellis abolished almost all cocoa trees and, with that, a. Unlimited viewing of the articlechapter pdf and any associated supplements and figures. An isolate of trichoderma harzianum showing antagonistic activity against crinipellis perniciosa, the causal agent of the witches broom disease of cocoa, produces substantial amounts of hydrolytic enzymes. The moving wall represents the time period between the last issue available in jstor and the most recently published issue of a journal. A genome survey of moniliophthora perniciosa gives new. The breeding biology of biotypes of the witches broom pathogen of. The recent discovery of crinipellis perniciosa stahel singer associated with witches brooms on a new host plant, in a region far removed from its accepted natural range, raises fundamental questions about its origins and biology. Dual culture of crinipellis perniciosa and potato callus.
Although boto shares characteristics with piflike elements, other characteristics, such as the transposase intron position, the position. Both fungi are indigenous to tropical south america and attack species of theo. Characterization of an amylase produced by a trichoderma. During one survey, a new trichoderma species was isolated from within the stem of a mature, healthy cacao tree. Saprotrophic proteomes of biotypes of the witches broom. Crinipellis perniciosa causes one of the three main fungal diseases of theobroma cacao. Germination of crinipellis perniciosa spores is inhibited at a tannin level of 0. This page was last edited on 26 november 20, at 10.
Crinipellis perniciosa causes a serious disease of cacao known as witches broom wb. The fungus was reclassified as crinipellis perniciosa by singer 1942, but a new combination, moniliophthora perniciosa stahel aime comb. While searching for epiphytic fungi that can function as biocontrols in ecuador, two nonsporulating cultures of a. The fungus, the witches broom, and the chocolate tree. Witches broom disease, caused by crinipellis perniciosa, is one of the major fungal diseases causing severe losses to cacao tree theobroma cacao l. The monograph deals with the conception, planning, implementation, results and conclusions of the international witches broom project iwbp, which was set up in 1985 with the aim of producing an economic management system for witches broom disease of cocoa. We compared isolates of crinipellis from different geographic origins and hosts in brazil by structural analysis using light lm and scanning electronic microscopy sem, as well as rflp and sequence data based on the. Pdf development and pathogenicity of the fungus crinipellis.
Hebbarb aplant biology and pathology department, rutgersthe state university of new jersey, 59 dudley road, new brunswick, nj 089018520, usa. Pdf moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches broom. Molecular markers rapd, aflp and microsatellites were used to generate a linkage map and to identify qtls associated to witches broom crinipellis. Moniliophthora perniciosa witches broom disease of cacao. Basidiospores of crinipellis perniciosa stahel singer germinated rapidly in water and on standard agar media to produce a fine, hyaline, binucleate mycelium. Comparative modeling of dna and rna polymerases from. Moniliophthora perniciosa is the causative agent of witches broom disease in theobroma cacao. The witches broom disease caused by the fungus crinipellis perniciosa is the main phytossanitary constraint for cacao production in brazil. Sources of resistance to crinipellis perniciosa in. Trichoderma harzianum produces nonanoic acid, an inhibitor of spore germination and mycelial growth of two cacao pathogens madhu anejaa, thomas j. The causal agents of witches broom and frosty pod rot of. Initially, both dna and rna polymerase sequences were subjected to the blastp algorithm restricted to the protein. Analysis of molecular diversity in crinipellis perniciosa. This involved the colonization of a branvermiculite medium with pure culture of the fungus, prior to application of a peatbased casing.
The 100 years of scientific investigations of witches broom of cacao that began in the 1890s developed the present state of knowledge of the biology and epidemiology of witches broom that are discussed. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Moniliophthora perniciosa crinipellis perniciosa causes one of the three main fungal diseases. Production and germination of conidia of trichoderma.
Rapid and efficient protocol for dna extraction and. Pathogenic variability amongst isolates of crinipellis. As an initial step toward developing strategies to combat this devastating tropical disease, teixeira et al. Growth characteristics of the fungus trichoderma stromaticum, a mycoparasite on the mycelium and fruiting bodies of crinipellis perniciosa, the causal agent of witchesbroom disease of cacao, were evaluated. Maximal activity against soluble starch was determined at ph 4. Origins of and occurred in the amazon basin region of south america, and their interaction, the witches broom disease, was first described in the late 1700s. Pdf dual culture of crinipellis perniciosa and potato callus. The spread of the fungus to southern bahia occurred in 1989, apparently in two primary. The boto transposase is highly similar to plant piflike transposases that belong to the newest class ii superfamily known as pifharbinger. Highresolution transcript profiling of the atypical. A novel method for the production of basidiocarps from the mycelia ofcrinipellis perniciosa is described. Wild type and mutant alleles of aspergillus nidulans developmental regulator gene brla. Resistant cultivars are the most effective longterm strategy.
Inoculation of potato callus cultures with basidiospores of the cocoa pathogencrinipellis perniciosa resulted in the development of a mycelium which was morphologically identical to that found in green cocoa brooms. Crinipellis perniciosa pdf biochemical changes during the development of witches broom. Meinhardtgenetic variability and chromosomelength polymorphisms of the witches broom pathogen crinipellis perniciosa from various plant hosts in south america. Aberystwyth university spatial genetic structure and. Several trichoderma strains have been reported to be effective in controlling plant diseases, and the action of fungal hydrolytic enzymes has been considered as the main mechanism involved in the antagonistic process. Breaking of hyphae derived from growth of the phytopathogenic fungus crinipellis perniciosa in liquid media yielded cell aggregates that performed as. It is a hemibiotrophic pathogen that colonizes the apoplast of cacaos meristematic tissues as a biotrophic pathogen, switching to a saprotrophic lifestyle during later stages of infection.
Nine geographically diverse moniliophthora perniciosa witches broom disease pathogen. Moniliophthora perniciosa produces hormones and alters. In this study, genetic variability is shown for 27 c cacao, 4 s solanum, and 7 l biotype liana isolates of c. Investigation of the breeding biology of the agaric crinipellis perniciosa causal agent of witches broom disease of cocoa in south america found that two distinct breeding strategies exist. Mapping qtls for witches broom crinipellis perniciosa. However, although trichoderma strains were found to impair development of crinipellis perniciosa, the causal agent of cocoa plant witches. Moniliophthora perniciosa bmc microbiology biomed central. Crinipellis perniciosa infects a diversity of hosts causing severe damage to t. The breeding biology of biotypes of the witches broom. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Moniliophthora perniciosa crinipellis perniciosa causes one of the three main fungal diseases of theobroma cacao cacao, the source of chocolate.
Candidates for the control of crinipellis perniciosa and phytophthora ssp. Crinipellis hirticeps was originally conceived as distinct from crinipellis zonata by peck 1907 because of its brown color, the entire absence of zones and the longer coarser hair of the pileus pecks original description of crinipellis zonata in 1872, in putative. Exogenously provided abscisic acid aba, indole3acetic acid iaa, jasmonic acid ja, and salicylic acid sa promoted mycelial growth, suggesting the ability of the pathogen to metabolize plant hormones. Witches broom disease, caused by the basidiomycete fungus crinipellis perniciosa stahel singer, is one of the most important diseases of cocoa theobroma cacao l. Many of these isolates were morphologically unidenti. Isolation and purification of functional total rna from. Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches broom.
Protoplasts of the pathogenic plant fungus, crinipellis perniciosa, were transformed to hygromycin b resistance using the pan71 plasmid, which contains the escherichia coli hph gene under the control of aspergillus nidulans regulatory sequences. Development of a transformation system for crinipellis perniciosa. One of the challenges associated with the understanding of the cacao and crinipellis interaction in genomic studies is the isolation of intact nucleic acids. Crinipellis perniciosa belongs to a large order of basidiomycetes, the euagarics, which contains few known pathogens, while m.
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